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Modern PostgreSQL Practices

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Modern PostgreSQL Practices

Target: PostgreSQL 18+ (PlanetScale native PostgreSQL)

Extensions

PlanetScale PostgreSQL supports commonly used extensions. The schema leverages:

ExtensionPurposeUsed For
pgcryptoUUID generationPrimary keys (gen_random_uuid())
pg_trgmTrigram similarityFuture: fuzzy search on filter rule content

Enable in a migration:

CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS "pgcrypto";
CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS "pg_trgm";

Schema Design Practices

UUID Primary Keys

All tables use UUID primary keys instead of auto-incrementing integers:

  • No sequential enumeration attacks
  • Safe for distributed inserts (Workers in multiple regions)
  • Mergeable across database branches without ID conflicts

JSONB for Flexible Data

compiled_outputs.config_snapshot uses JSONB:

  • Query individual fields: WHERE config_snapshot->>'name' = 'EasyList'
  • Index specific paths: CREATE INDEX ON compiled_outputs ((config_snapshot->>'name'))
  • No schema migration needed when config shape evolves

PostgreSQL Arrays

api_keys.scopes uses TEXT[] (native array):

  • Check scope: WHERE 'compile' = ANY(scopes)
  • No join table needed for simple RBAC
  • Indexable with GIN: CREATE INDEX ON api_keys USING GIN(scopes)

Partial Unique Indexes

filter_list_versions enforces “at most one current version per source” via a partial unique index (applied as a raw SQL migration, since Prisma does not support partial indexes in the schema DSL):

CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_filter_list_versions_current
    ON filter_list_versions(source_id)
    WHERE is_current = TRUE;

This allows unlimited historical (non-current) versions while still guaranteeing uniqueness for the active version. It is a PostgreSQL-specific feature that SQLite and MySQL don’t support.

Timestamptz

All timestamp columns use TIMESTAMPTZ (timestamp with time zone) instead of TIMESTAMP:

  • Stores in UTC internally, converts to client timezone on read
  • Prevents timezone confusion between Workers in different regions
  • PostgreSQL best practice since v8.0

Performance Settings

Connection Pooling

PlanetScale provides built-in connection pooling. Hyperdrive adds a second layer of edge-side pooling. No need for PgBouncer or similar.

Recommended Hyperdrive caching:

Terminal window
wrangler hyperdrive update <ID> \
    --caching-disabled=false \
    --max-age=60 \
    --stale-while-revalidate=15

Indexes

The schema includes targeted indexes for the most common query patterns:

  • api_keys(key_hash) — API key lookup on every authenticated request
  • compilation_events(created_at DESC) — Dashboard analytics, most recent first
  • filter_sources(status) — Health monitoring queries
  • compiled_outputs(config_hash) — Cache deduplication by configuration

Append-Only Tables

compilation_events and source_health_snapshots are append-only (no UPDATEs). This is optimal for:

  • Write performance (no row locking contention)
  • Time-series analytics (partition by month if volume grows)
  • Audit trail (immutable history)

Future optimization: partition by created_at month if table exceeds 10M rows.

Security

Row-Level Security (Future)

PostgreSQL supports RLS for multi-tenant isolation:

ALTER TABLE compiled_outputs ENABLE ROW LEVEL SECURITY;


CREATE POLICY user_owns_output ON compiled_outputs
    USING (owner_user_id = current_setting('app.current_user_id')::uuid);

This is planned for Phase 4 (authentication) when per-user data isolation is needed.

Credential Storage

  • API keys: only the SHA-256 hash is stored (key_hash), never plaintext
  • Sessions: only the token hash is stored (token_hash)
  • The key_prefix (first 8 chars) allows users to identify keys in the UI

References